“What’s particularly exciting for us instructional designers is that when GPTs are custom-trained for specific instructional design tasks (like writing learning objectives), they show significant improvements in reliability and accuracy…”
“LearnLM is an experimental task-specific model that has been trained to align with learning science principles when following system instructions for teaching and learning use cases… When given learning specific system instructions, LearnLM is capable of: Inspiring active learning: Allow for practice and healthy struggle with timely feedback, Managing cognitive load: Present relevant, well-structured information […]
“Used thoughtfully, ChatGPT can be a powerful tool to help students develop skills of rigorous thinking and clear writing, assisting them in thinking through ideas, mastering complex concepts, and getting feedback on drafts. There are also ways to use ChatGPT that are counterproductive to learning—like generating an essay instead of writing it oneself, which deprives […]
“Spoiler: my findings underscore that until we have specialised, fine-tuned AI copilots for instructional design, we should be cautious about relying on general-purpose models and ensure expert oversight in all ID tasks.”
“Offline AI… Wearables… Agents”
“We need to make it so that what students are being asked to learn is not how to factor, but why you might factor a polynomial. Instead of focusing on how to graph trigonometric functions, questions should focus on what affects the graph and why.”
“The data showed significant improvements in learning outcomes: Students using the AI tutor achieved more than twice the learning gains compared to those in the active learning classroom.”
“Hingham High School did not have any AI policies in place during the 2023-24 school year when the incident took place, much less a policy related to cheating and plagiarism using AI tools, the lawsuit said. Plus, neither the teacher nor the assignment materials mentioned at any point that using AI was prohibited, according to […]
“One way is making a cake from scratch, buying all the ingredients and making it yourself. Another way is to get a readymade cake mix (like Betty Crocker) and build the cake. Another way is to buy a good quality cake readymade from a bakery. The last way is to get it from the supermarket, […]
“The filing accuses the school of a lack of clarity in its rules about AI use, saying the school handbook did not “have any established rules, policies or procedures for not only the use of artificial intelligence, but what any administrators, faculty or students should do when encountering its use.””
“About half of the 130 teachers who said they used AI to help with their recommendation letters did so to take the stress out of the task, according to foundry10’s survey. And about a third of the 130 said they believed AI tools improved the quality of their letters. Far more teachers, 267 in all, […]
“Following a preregistered analysis plan, we find that students working on mathematics with tutors randomly assigned to have access to Tutor CoPilot are 4 percentage points (p.p.) more likely to master topics (p
“The new study offers a middle ground in what’s become a polarized debate between supporters and detractors of AI tutoring. It’s also the first randomized controlled trial — the gold standard in research — to examine a human-AI system in live tutoring. In all, about 1,000 students got help from about 900 tutors, and students […]
“Although this research took place more than two years ago, the world of education is only now ready to pay attention to techniques such as synthetic data, thanks to GenAI, hence the release of this work. Its inspiration comes from health care, where synthetic data is used to simulate large numbers of patients, when the […]
“As a former English teacher, I think about the core writing and thinking skills of 1) selecting, integrating, and analyzing textual evidence in a meaningful way, 2) having a good idea (and knowing when it’s good) and composing an interesting expression of that idea, and 3) sustaining an argument over multiple paragraphs in a way […]
“This shift toward collaborating with AI doesn’t unsettle Myers or Murdaugh in the way that it has many professors. The reason, they say, is that the skills that students use to engage thoughtfully with AI are the same ones that colleges are good at teaching. Namely: knowing how to obtain and use information, thinking critically […]
“I first ask students to “highlight how you used human and machine skills in your learning” in five potential categories, and offer them a range of options to characterize whether and how they used AI tools to do the work… Among the questions I list: What tricky situations arose when you used AI? How did […]
“This AI Literacy course, designed for all educators, includes: A 20-hour program — asynchronous + office hours, flexible and self-paced — that covers the why, what, and how of AI.”
“We need to recognise that data, however vast, present an imperfect picture of an individual’s world. We need to recognise that what scales isn’t always what works, and what works for one doesn’t work for eight billion. We need to separate “end users” from learners and to disregard the positivist idea that if we can […]
“Imagine the possibilities if we could use AI to simulate learner responses during the instructional design process. What if you didn’t need to conduct endless interviews, waiting for learner feedback that sometimes never arrives? What if you could have instant conversations with virtual learners and rapidly generate reliable data to inform your design?”
“Use this table as a reference for evaluating and considering changes to aligned course activities (or, where possible, learning outcomes) that emphasize distinctive human skills and/or integrate generative AI (GenAI) tools as a supplement to the learning process.”
“Everyone started talking about Google’s NotebookLM because of their recent podcast update, but the real story is about how Google is using its AI experiments to push our understanding about how people will use generative AI as tools for thought.”
“We found that they are using gen AI in two modes: as an executor (helping with writing, summarizing, coding, translating, and information retrieval) and as a thought partner (for brainstorming, problem solving, or challenging ideas). They experiment with gen AI on a wide range of tasks, gradually building new capabilities. They also demonstrate a good […]
“This webinar explored innovative approaches to assessment in the era of generative AI, featuring educator Mike Kentz’s experiences and insights from a year of experimenting with grading AI chats in his ninth-grade English classroom.”
“Clearly, part of the appeal of these videos is that they are genuinely useful. The “script” is clearly written by a human, and the math concepts depicted are illustrated beautifully. But, there’s no denying that the gimmick of having AI celebrities, like Jenna Ortega and Barack Obama, explain the concepts, is core to the appeal […]
“What stands out the most from this research, however, is that open channels of communication can impact how young people and parents feel about the promises and pitfalls of generative AI in education and learning.”
“This problem is then compounded by somebody trying to use generative AI to learn another topic, because to get the most out of AI as a learning tool, you have to be an expert, not only in using generative AI, but also in the topic itself.”
“Rebind, a new, AI-assisted digital publisher, is betting that interactive, personal guidance and expert commentary will revive a love for reading.”
“Creative Ideation… Research & Analysis… Data-Driven Insights… Adaptation & Localization… Content Generation… Intelligent Assistance.”
“High school students who had access to ChatGPT while doing practice math problems did worse on a math test compared with students who didn’t have access to ChatGPT. Those with ChatGPT solved 48 percent more of the practice problems correctly, but they ultimately scored 17 percent worse on a test of the topic that the […]
“Students seem to cheat a lot, generally… but they cheated at the same rates before the advent of A.I. What has increased is the number of teachers and adults who seem convinced that all the kids are cheating… Opinions in education, as a rule, move very quickly and oftentimes in a reactionary way. But the […]
“One of the most significant changes in our revised AI Assessment Scale is our perspective on assessment security and assessment validity… It is a potentially disruptive but absolutely necessary perspective which understands that permitting any use of AI effectively permits all use of AI, and since it is undetectable and sophisticated across domains, the distinction […]
“This term, the highest and lowest marks I awarded were to AI-augmented submissions. The worst one was a depressing stack of LLM list outputs, complete with Title Case Subheadings. Although there was no declaration of AI use, it wasn’t a stretch to imagine how the student might have prompted a bot with key words from […]
“The big question I’ve been exploring this week is: what should a partnership of human instructional designer and AI look like in practice, and what does this mean for our key skills, roles and responsibilities? …According to a lot of research published in the last few years, there are a number of tasks which are […]
“In fall 2023, all teachers were novice users or had never tried generative AI. By spring 2024, the teachers separate into three distinct groups: (1) those who seek generative AI input (i.e., thoughts or ideas about learning plans) and output (i.e., quizzes, worksheets), (2) those who only seek generative AI outputs, and (3) those not […]
“The first draft is the child’s draft, where you let it all pour out and then let it romp all over the place, knowing that no one is going to see it and that you can shape it later. You just let this childlike part of you channel whatever voices and visions come through and […]
“In this article, we illustrate the uses of AI in instructional design in terms of content creation, media development, and faculty support. We also provide some suggestions on the effective and ethical uses of AI in course design and development. Our perspectives are rooted in medical education, but the principles can be applied to any […]
“86% of students globally are regularly using AI in their studies, with 54% of them using AI on a weekly basis… Despite their high rates of AI usage, 1 in 2 students do not feel AI ready.”
“Claude AI recently introduced a free feature called Artifacts, which enables users to create standalone content such as interactive games, diagrams, websites, and more using simple prompts. It goes beyond generating code but also allows you to view and interact with what you generate.”
“Consistent with prior work, our results show that access to GPT-4 significantly improves performance (48% improvement for GPT Base and 127% for GPT Tutor). However, we additionally find that when access is subsequently taken away, students actually perform worse than those who never had access (17% reduction for GPT Base). That is, access to GPT-4 […]
“At a time when the entire education community is grappling with how to realize the benefits of AI while mitigating the risks, the briefs that compose Guidance on the Future of Computer Science Education in an Age of AI serve as the beginning of a discussion rather than definitive answers. The briefs offer preliminary insights […]
“The conversations we need to have about generative AI include our students, administration, and our colleagues. I won’t sugarcoat any of this—these conversations will be a continuum lasting years. They will be frustrating because they may not appear to do anything at first, but that’s because human beings aren’t like machines—we’re slow to change and […]
“To aid teachers and students in responsible Al use, we have collaborated on a decision tree for student decision-making. This framework can help students make better choices about using AI tools and give teachers more confidence in supporting student use.”
“We use Lee Shulman’s work on “teacher expertise” (see image above) as a kind of foundational stance here in the CTL. AI can do many of the things on the right side of the circle (in dark) really well. It can’t do any of the things on the left side (in orange) very well, yet. […]
“I’ve ordered these experiments into three levels, ranging from the simple Practical Strategies prompts, through file uploads, and onto custom GPTs and projects.”
“The question I’m asking myself right now is, How can what I’ve learned shape what I will do in the coming year? I came up with four priorities that will drive my work. I even made a little card that I’ve taped to my desk: Augmentation over automation, Literacy over policy, Design over technology, Vision […]
“We found that 94% of our AI submissions were undetected. The grades awarded to our AI submissions were on average half a grade boundary higher than that achieved by real students. Across modules there was an 83.4% chance that the AI submissions on a module would outperform a random selection of the same number of […]
“Q: Will it steal jobs? A: GPT-5 is unlikely to destabilize the job market, as it is overqualified for most positions while at the same time lacking any marketable skills. Its main option is adjunct work, but here its chances of taking over jobs are also doubtful; GPT-5 Plus will cost around twenty dollars a […]
“Congress should establish a dedicated program within the National Science Foundation (NSF) to provide ongoing AI literacy training specifically for K-12 teachers and pre-service teachers. The proposed program would ensure that all teachers have the necessary knowledge and skills to integrate AI into their teaching practices effectively.”
“Human creativity augmented with AI would only be beneficial, IMHO, if the weight of human judgment before and after AI use is high. In the same way it’s important to make a mental calculation of something before you put it into the calculator so that you know roughly what should come out, I think with […]
“In this one, I’m going to provide some guidance and insights about how faculty might engage with students once they suspect that a student might have inappropriately used generative AI.”
“As AI transforms K-12 education—providing everything from lesson planning assistance for overworked teachers to chatbot tutors for students— educators must be aware of how societal biases reflected in the data that underpins AI can shape its responses, experts say.”
“In order for students to make informed choices about AI, they have to be knowledgeable not only about AI tools themselves but also about their own writing processes. Unfortunately, most students enter my class without a well-defined, well-developed, or personalized process, much less a deep awareness of that process. They have to cultivate their own […]
“Instead, he will assign less writing and less deep reading, because students’ work in that area is now difficult to assess. He will rely more on lectures and in-class, handwritten exams. “It’s going to force everybody to the lowest common denominator.” But he refuses, he says, “to waste a whole bunch of time just grading […]
“Maybe most notable, the reviews from students are broadly positive. Seventy percent of K-12 students had a favorable view of AI chatbots. Among undergraduates, that rises to 75%. And among parents, 68% held favorable views of AI chatbots.”
“Americans have broadly positive views of AI and are using it at work and in their daily lives. 59% of teachers, 70% of K-12 students, 75% of undergraduate students, and 68% of K-12 parents have favorable views of AI chatbots. Around three-quarters in each group report having used AI chatbots either personally or at school/work. […]
“This piece primarily breaks down how Google’s LearnLM was built, and takes a quick look at Microsoft/Khan Academy’s Phi-3 and OpenAI’s ChatGPT Edu as alternative approaches to building an “education model” (not necessarily a new model in the latter case, but we’ll explain). Thanks to the public release of their 86-page research paper, we have […]
“A team of researchers compared AI with human feedback on 200 history essays written by students in grades 6 through 12 and they determined that human feedback was generally a bit better. Humans had a particular advantage in advising students on something to work on that would be appropriate for where they are in their […]
“As schools end the academic year and look ahead to the 24-25 school year, many are likely still trying to determine the best strategies for realizing the potential benefits and overcoming the challenges related to artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. To do so, schools should consider taking a structured approach to AI integration based on the […]
“The sample includes a total of N=1003 teachers, N=1001 K-12 students, N=1003 undergrads, and N=1000 parents. The teachers, K-12 students, and parents’ samples were weighted to align with demographic estimates from the U.S. Census and undergraduates with demographic estimates from the National Center for Education Statistics.”
“Still, she has found several uses for A.I. “I find that A.I. is really helpful for speeding up the annoying prep tasks that take me the longest, like generating a list of new stoichiometry practice problems for students to drill at home to be ready for an assessment,” she wrote. She also finds it useful […]
“Imagine an interstellar voyage. You can build spaceships with the technologies that we have now that might take, say, 500 years to reach the destination. Or you could wait for 50 years and, with technology advancements, build a ship that will get you there in 100, overtaking the original 2024 spaceship while it’s still chugging […]
“I wish it went without saying that the learners in these videos are not typical of US K-12 students. They do not represent the median student in age, education, socioeconomic status, or the desire to perform, especially here for cameras broadcasting to a worldwide audience. What is typical? In a large 2018 study of thousands […]
“Recent advances in generative AI (gen AI) have created excitement about the potential of new technologies to offer a personal tutor for every learner and a teaching assistant for every teacher. The full extent of this dream, however, has not yet materialised. We argue that this is primarily due to the difficulties with verbalising pedagogical […]
“I have two things I need to do right now: Decide which skills are fundamental to my discipline, and which absolutely need to be learned slowly, methodically, and without offloading onto technology. Decide which skills and content I can (or must) offload, knowing that GenAI is now competent across a broad range of multimodal skillsets. […]
“Since 2019, the presence of Deepfakes – hyperrealistic AI-generated video, photo, and audio forgeries – has surged by 550%, reaching a staggering 95,820 documented deepfake videos in 2023 alone. This blurring of reality requires a new approach to vetting if online content is real or fake. This guide is designed to build student awareness of […]
“Rethinking Assessment for GenAI is a free 60 page eBook which covers everything from ways to update assessments, to the reasons I advise against AI detection tools.”
“Aaron is one of many young users who have discovered the double-edged sword of AI companions. Many users like Aaron describe finding the chatbots helpful, entertaining, and even supportive. But they also describe feeling addicted to chatbots, a complication which researchers and experts have been sounding the alarm on… For many Character.AI users, having a […]
“At the core of all these suggestions is a simple premise: GenAI didn’t ‘break’ assessment, and we, as educators and institutions, set the boundaries around what constitutes ‘academic misconduct’.”
“These models aren’t very good at keeping up with the latest slang,” he acknowledged. “So we get a human being involved to make that determination” if an interaction is in doubt. Moderators monitor the software, he says, and they can see a dashboard where interactions are coded red if they need to be reviewed right […]
“This first post lays out a general strategic framework that any faculty leader can adapt to bring discussions of this technology into their domain. In subsequent posts, I will be inviting faculty leaders from across a range of disciplines to contribute ideas on how AI can be used in their disciplines.”
“The ASU+GSV organizers invited a bunch of us there to give 20-minute talks on a stage that was adjacent to all the AI edtech vendors. Naturally, I thought the appropriate thing to do in that context was criticize AI edtech vendors, specifically criticizing them for selling an image of classroom teaching and student learning that […]
“69% of college-bound students have used generative AI tools. 35% are using these tools for schoolwork. 8% are using them in the college admissions process. ~54% expect that colleges are engaging in AI usage and education in some way.”
“A Maryland high school athletic director is facing criminal charges after police say he used artificial intelligence to duplicate the voice of Pikesville High School Principal Eric Eiswert, leading the community to believe Eiswert said racist and antisemitic things about teachers and students.”
“The skilled teacher, one who loves kids and loves math, will ask, “What does this student know about this one big mathematical idea?” Khanmigo asks, “What does this student not know about these many small mathematical ideas?””
“Where does this leave us as teachers? We must accept that our students will want to push The Button, as Mollick describes – the LLM click that creates an essay or solves a problem set. Or, for teachers, writes a letter of recommendation for a student. In fact, Mollick asks the open question of whether, […]
“In this post, I’ll discuss some of my personal objections to AI detection tools, and explore a new piece of research that once again proves AI detection tools don’t work.”
“ChatGPT can perform comparably to a human in assigning a final holistic score for a student essay, but it struggles to identify and evaluate the structural pieces of argumentative writing in our experimental setup.”
“It’s safe to say that AI is exactly the kind of “emergent novel reality” that brings new structural uncertainties to our schools and beyond, structural uncertainties that no oracle or expert system could predict with complete accuracy. That’s why the topic demands a systems-thinking approach (like the 5 P’s framework), or a new mental model […]
“Using the Eisenhower Matrix as a framework, I’m going to explore a few ways that generative artificial intelligence can be used to support teacher and school leader workloads beyond generic lesson planning and resource creation.”
“District officials say the new platform will be a one-stop shop for parents and students, where they can access information about attendance, grades, and other resources. It can also wake a student up, tell them what’s for lunch in the school cafeteria that day, or where their school buses are in real-time, said LAUSD Superintendent […]
“This one-day virtual event offers educators and school leaders a unique opportunity to progress from the practical to the possible. Kick off the day by building your AI skills and learning from leading experts before moving on to an afternoon of hands-on experimentation with the latest AI tools. Your experience then culminates with a collaborative […]
“Education has three purposes: to prepare students for the workforce, to prepare students for participation in civil and democratic society, and to prepare students for a fulfilling life. AI is already propelling significant changes in each of these areas. So great is the impact on each of these areas that failing to talk with students about […]
“RAIL is a comprehensive implementation framework for AI in schools and systems. It’s like accreditation for the adoption of AI.”
“So, how does an education AI startup build something defensible? One common answer is to gather a large and proprietary data set. Another is to build tools and features that AI platform companies won’t, such as specific workflows and user experiences, collaboration features, ethical and pedagogical principles, and security and compliance features.”
“Education Week consulted four teachers and two child-development experts on when K-12 students should start using AI-powered tech and for what purposes. They all agree on this central fact: There is no avoiding AI… All this makes it essential that students learn about AI in school, experts say. But when, and how, exactly? We’ve got […]
“If we answer that question from a place of fear about what’s left for people in the age of A.I., we can end up conceding a diminished view of human capability. Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When you […]
“Students were excited to interview a character they had just spent over two months dissecting. The chatbot offered an opportunity to ask the burning questions that often chase a reader after consuming a great work of fiction. What happened to Holden?And why was he so obsessed with those darn ducks? And they were eager to […]
“Grammarly AI comes in at number 3, provides 30 million people support and coaching on writing effectively. In our previous report, “Generative AI at Work”, Grammarly was named as the second-most-used Generative AI tool by US knowledge workers.”
“The future may see two main categories emerge: one resembling familiar learning platforms and the other adopting a “friendship-first” model. While the former promises personalised learning experiences, the latter envisions chatbots as companions that subtly impart knowledge over time”
“If any one thing can be said about all the practitioners in a field as vast as teaching, it is that they are ruthlessly pragmatic with their time. They can afford to be nothing less. If teachers thought generative AI had a realistic shot of saving them time, we would have seen different survey results […]
“Generate and discuss scenarios. Examples and case studies are always a valuable way to move a conversation from abstract to concrete. AI can generate scenarios based on your goals. For example, you could train AI on case studies like Harvard’s “Confronting Challenges” for principals and have it generate new case studies in a similar style […]
“Teachers need to focus on enhancing their own critical AI literacy, particularly around what is possible with AI and exposure to the variety of uses available to students. Whether or not a teacher believes AI can or could or should be integrated into their teaching (this choice is highly contextual and differs by teaching philosophy, […]
“In this animated video, high school ELA teachers Larry Ferlazzo (who also hosts an EdWeek Opinion blog) and Katie Hull Sypnieski offer their best-practice advice for any educator who is either intrigued by, intimated by, or deeply comfortable with the use of AI. Whether it’s how to refresh a lesson plan, differentiate instruction, create high-interest […]
“Our focus as always remains on the responsible adoption of AI, but here are 6 specific efforts you could be a part of. – Prompt Library (testing or submission of Prompts) – AI for Education Summit (March 16th) – National AI Literacy Day (April 19th) – Responsible GenAI Edtech Tools Framework – AI for Education […]
“In the paragraphs that follow, I’ve divided these tasks into the following categories: planning instruction, handouts and materials, differentiation, correspondence, assessment, and writing instruction and feedback.”
“One of the big challenges of providing teacher feedback at scale has been instructional coaches’ caseloads. While AI can’t replace that human contact, it can tag and process classroom transcripts much faster than humans. So coaches potentially can use data from AI tools to tailor their feedback to teachers, if they can’t themselves observe teachers […]
““I don’t want A.I. or ChatGPT to become like this Ping-Pong game where we just get caught back and forth weighing the positives and negatives,” said Naomi Roth, a 12th grader who helps lead the Human Rights Club. “I think kids need to be able to critique it and assess it and use it.””
“Among the high school students who said they had used an A.I. chatbot, about 55 to 77 percent said they had used it to generate an idea for a paper, project or assignment; about 19 to 49 percent said they had used it to edit or complete a portion of a paper; and about 9 […]
“Levels of AI Use – Full Description – Disclosure Requirements”
“Are you using AI to save time, improve learning outcomes, or transform your classroom? We want to amplify your impact and celebrate your accomplishments. As part of the inaugural ASU+GSV AIR Show, we’re establishing a cohort of exemplary AI Classroom Innovators: a group of passionate and pioneering educators who want to share their AI experience […]
“Our goal was to approximate a 1:1 teacher-to- student ratio through software, thereby equipping students with a pedagogically-minded subject-matter expert by their side at all times, designed to guide students toward solutions rather than offer them outright. The tools were received positively by students, who noted that they felt like they had “a personal tutor.” […]
“Whether students in your course are forbidden from using chatGPT or expected to explore its limits, a policy helps ensure that your expectations for appropriate interaction with generative AI tools are clear to students. Once you decide on a policy, make sure you articulate it clearly for your students, so that they know what is […]
“Will AI replace human tutors and teachers? Yes, AI will. This school headmaster; this survey; DuoLingo guy here. No, AI won’t. Nathaniel Grossman in Fordham; Freddie DeBoer; Dan Meyer. Our question: What if AI has profoundly different effects on motivated and unmotivated learners?”
“Districts should aim for “good, strong, basic guidance” and “bring teachers into the conversation” to help inform it, since they are likely to bring up issues that district leaders may have never thought of… Two major issues to address: ensuring teachers understand AI’s strengths and weaknesses and keeping student data safe.”
“Top Hat recently launched Ace, an AI-powered learning assistant embedded in its courseware platform. An instructor can activate Ace, which then trains itself on all the learning materials in the course. Students can then use Ace as a personal tutor of sorts, asking it questions about course material. Since Ace knows the course content, it […]
“If you’ve ever used ChatGPT and prompt engineering to generate the learning design of a complex lesson, you’ve probably run into unexpected limits to its usefulness. The longer you spend tinkering with the lesson, the more your results start to get worse rather than better. It’s the same problem the Khanmingo team had. Yes, ChatGPT […]
“We are challenged to think about how we create learning extensions and assignments that exercise a student’s critical thinking while also allowing them to use the tools at their disposal. We’re actually bringing AI into our lessons to help build on student learning, like using it as a verifier after brainstorming ideas or as a […]
“TeachFX’s data reports now identify more than 20 different insights, such as whether teachers are building on what students say, whether they’re asking open-ended questions that push student thinking forward, and how often they’re using academic language in lessons. The technology then analyzes the content of the files that teachers upload, picking out specific words […]
“Using data from a nationwide sample of students in Grades 10 through 12, this study examined students’ use of AI tools for school assignments and other purposes, their impressions of how using the tools might affect them cognitively and academically, and their thoughts on using AI tools to write their college admissions essays.”
“We found about half the students preferred receiving feedback from a human tutor, and half preferred AI-generated feedback. Those that preferred sitting down and discussing their feedback with a tutor cited the face-to-face interaction as having affective benefits, such as increasing engagement, as well as benefits for developing their speaking abilities. Those that preferred AI-generated […]